Cultural Inclusion Model for Twelve Step
Third Traditions Foundation
"Noting that 'we were biased then,' Oscar recalled the April 1945 Cleveland Bulletin (an A. A. newsletter), which said, 'We whites, if we preach brotherly love, must practice it. And should a Negro appeal to us for help and guidance, it is our Christian duty to give the best that is in us, recognizing that a human soul is given into our hands to help or destroy.'" Dr. Bob and the Good Oldtimers, page 248 Minorities within AA gain acceptance
Cultural Inclusion Model for Twelve Step Fellowships
Introduction
There appear to be cultural barriers that inhibit people of color from investing in Twelve Step groups[1] but leaders of these organizations feel that to validate such racial disparity would divert attention from members’ recovery. Decision makers of one organization still hold this view even though its charter states, “to promote the public health, to work with and furnish charitable and cultural assistance to those with problems of obesity.”
Since their inception more than forty years ago very few of these groups attract and retain a substantial portion of black, Hispanics or other people of color while these members of these groups suffer the most from addictive diseases.
For example, Alcoholics Anonymous reports 3.2 percentage black memberships[2] even though the fellowship has been around for more than seventy-one years and interviews with blacks indicate[3] that they prefer Narcotics Anonymous even if alcohol is their primary addiction. AA white members’ experience seems to aid them in getting back to better health but alienates blacks. Likewise, OA though almost a half-century old only has about 3.2[4] percentage black membership, while seventy-nine percent of black Americans are overweight or obese.
When leaders who are apprehensive about studies of racial disparities within their fellowships are coaxed into viewing such discussion as vital to their organizations’ continued success, the benefits to public health could be enormous.[5]
Benefits to Public Health
Mainstream meetings never fair as well but special focus groups attract and retain people of color. Outreach efforts by a Black focus OA groups in the Bay Area has brought tremendous growth over the last eleven years where there had been none tripling African American participation. Members’ reported weight loss reversed degenerative disease such as hypertension, diabetes through a peer-to-peer no cost program.[6]
Implementation
Implement this project by surveying leaders of three major fellowships to elicit their perception of the organization’s Cultural Aptitude then compare their perception with the perception of people of color who have attended meetings of these three organizations, participated in the service structure of the organizations. After the survey is complete, develop a Cultural Inclusion model based on questionnaire responses that optimizes success of support groups and further aids public health.
Summary
Twelve Step Fellowships are widely recommended in conjunction with other treatment programs but retain very few people of color however these fellowships can increase participation of minorities with the application of Cultural Inclusion and thus impact the nation’s morbidity rates by offering successful no cost peer-to-peer treatment programs.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] There are more than three well known Twelve Step Fellowships[1] that have been around for more than four decades i.e., Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), founded in 1935 in Akron, OH, USA, Narcotics Anonymous (NA), founded in Los Angeles, in the late fifties, and Overeaters Anonymous (OA), founded 1960 in Los Angeles, CA.
[2] 2004 Alcoholics Anonymous Membership Survey
[3] Boston Globe Article, Tara Harden Smith, December 2001
[4] By Personal Observation OA conventions in 2003, 2004, 2005
[5]Forty-six percent of Overeaters Anonymous members report improvement in eating behaviors and fifty-six reports that the food obsession has been lifted, OA 2002 Membership Survey.
[6] Personal interview with Ebony OA Members, black focus OA group
Third Traditions Foundation Copyright 2007 All Rights Reserved
info@thirdtraditionsfoundation.org
Tuesday, December 4, 2007
New York Times Op-Ed Contributor
Forty Acres and a Gap in Wealth
By HENRY LOUIS GATES Jr.
Published: November 18, 2007
Cambridge, Mass.
LAST week, the Pew Research Center published the astonishing finding that 37 percent of African-Americans polled felt that “blacks today can no longer be thought of as a single race” because of a widening class divide. From Frederick Douglass to the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., perhaps the most fundamental assumption in the history of the black community has been that Americans of African descent, the descendants of the slaves, either because of shared culture or shared oppression, constitute “a mighty race,” as Marcus Garvey often put it.
“By a ratio of 2 to 1,” the report says, “blacks say that the values of poor and middle-class blacks have grown more dissimilar over the past decade. In contrast, most blacks say that the values of blacks and whites have grown more alike.”
The message here is that it is time to examine the differences between black families on either side of the divide for clues about how to address an increasingly entrenched inequality. We can’t afford to wait any longer to address the causes of persistent poverty among most black families.
This class divide was predicted long ago, and nobody wanted to listen. At a conference marking the 40th anniversary of Daniel Patrick Moynihan’s infamous report on the problems of the black family, I asked the conservative scholar James Q. Wilson and the liberal scholar William Julius Wilson if ours was the generation presiding over an irreversible, self-perpetuating class divide within the African-American community.
“I have to believe that this is not the case,” the liberal Wilson responded with willed optimism. “Why go on with this work otherwise?” The conservative Wilson nodded. Yet, no one could imagine how to close the gap.
In 1965, when Moynihan published his report, suggesting that the out-of-wedlock birthrate and the number of families headed by single mothers, both about 24 percent, pointed to dissolution of the social fabric of the black community, black scholars and liberals dismissed it. They attacked its author as a right-wing bigot. Now we’d give just about anything to have those statistics back. Today, 69 percent of black babies are born out of wedlock, while 45 percent of black households with children are headed by women.
How did this happen? As many theories flourish as pundits — from slavery and segregation to the decline of factory jobs, crack cocaine, draconian drug laws and outsourcing. But nobody knows for sure.
I have been studying the family trees of 20 successful African-Americans, people in fields ranging from entertainment and sports (Oprah Winfrey, the track star Jackie Joyner-Kersee) to space travel and medicine (the astronaut Mae Jemison and Ben Carson, a pediatric neurosurgeon). And I’ve seen an astonishing pattern: 15 of the 20 descend from at least one line of former slaves who managed to obtain property by 1920 — a time when only 25 percent of all African-American families owned property.
Ten years after slavery ended, Constantine Winfrey, Oprah’s great-grandfather, bartered eight bales of cleaned cotton (4,000 pounds) that he picked on his own time for 80 acres of prime bottomland in Mississippi. (He also learned to read and write while picking all that cotton.)
Sometimes the government helped: Whoopi Goldberg’s great-great-grandparents received their land through the Southern Homestead Act. “So my family got its 40 acres and a mule,” she exclaimed when I showed her the deed, referring to the rumor that freed slaves would receive land that had been owned by their masters.
Well, perhaps not the mule, but 104 acres in Florida. If there is a meaningful correlation between the success of accomplished African-Americans today and their ancestors’ property ownership, we can only imagine how different black-white relations would be had “40 acres and a mule” really been official government policy in the Reconstruction South.
The historical basis for the gap between the black middle class and underclass shows that ending discrimination, by itself, would not eradicate black poverty and dysfunction. We also need intervention to promulgate a middle-class ethic of success among the poor, while expanding opportunities for economic bettermen
Henry Louis Gates Jr., a professor at Harvard, is the author of the forthcoming “In Search of Our Roots.”
Forty Acres and a Gap in Wealth
By HENRY LOUIS GATES Jr.
Published: November 18, 2007
Cambridge, Mass.
LAST week, the Pew Research Center published the astonishing finding that 37 percent of African-Americans polled felt that “blacks today can no longer be thought of as a single race” because of a widening class divide. From Frederick Douglass to the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., perhaps the most fundamental assumption in the history of the black community has been that Americans of African descent, the descendants of the slaves, either because of shared culture or shared oppression, constitute “a mighty race,” as Marcus Garvey often put it.
“By a ratio of 2 to 1,” the report says, “blacks say that the values of poor and middle-class blacks have grown more dissimilar over the past decade. In contrast, most blacks say that the values of blacks and whites have grown more alike.”
The message here is that it is time to examine the differences between black families on either side of the divide for clues about how to address an increasingly entrenched inequality. We can’t afford to wait any longer to address the causes of persistent poverty among most black families.
This class divide was predicted long ago, and nobody wanted to listen. At a conference marking the 40th anniversary of Daniel Patrick Moynihan’s infamous report on the problems of the black family, I asked the conservative scholar James Q. Wilson and the liberal scholar William Julius Wilson if ours was the generation presiding over an irreversible, self-perpetuating class divide within the African-American community.
“I have to believe that this is not the case,” the liberal Wilson responded with willed optimism. “Why go on with this work otherwise?” The conservative Wilson nodded. Yet, no one could imagine how to close the gap.
In 1965, when Moynihan published his report, suggesting that the out-of-wedlock birthrate and the number of families headed by single mothers, both about 24 percent, pointed to dissolution of the social fabric of the black community, black scholars and liberals dismissed it. They attacked its author as a right-wing bigot. Now we’d give just about anything to have those statistics back. Today, 69 percent of black babies are born out of wedlock, while 45 percent of black households with children are headed by women.
How did this happen? As many theories flourish as pundits — from slavery and segregation to the decline of factory jobs, crack cocaine, draconian drug laws and outsourcing. But nobody knows for sure.
I have been studying the family trees of 20 successful African-Americans, people in fields ranging from entertainment and sports (Oprah Winfrey, the track star Jackie Joyner-Kersee) to space travel and medicine (the astronaut Mae Jemison and Ben Carson, a pediatric neurosurgeon). And I’ve seen an astonishing pattern: 15 of the 20 descend from at least one line of former slaves who managed to obtain property by 1920 — a time when only 25 percent of all African-American families owned property.
Ten years after slavery ended, Constantine Winfrey, Oprah’s great-grandfather, bartered eight bales of cleaned cotton (4,000 pounds) that he picked on his own time for 80 acres of prime bottomland in Mississippi. (He also learned to read and write while picking all that cotton.)
Sometimes the government helped: Whoopi Goldberg’s great-great-grandparents received their land through the Southern Homestead Act. “So my family got its 40 acres and a mule,” she exclaimed when I showed her the deed, referring to the rumor that freed slaves would receive land that had been owned by their masters.
Well, perhaps not the mule, but 104 acres in Florida. If there is a meaningful correlation between the success of accomplished African-Americans today and their ancestors’ property ownership, we can only imagine how different black-white relations would be had “40 acres and a mule” really been official government policy in the Reconstruction South.
The historical basis for the gap between the black middle class and underclass shows that ending discrimination, by itself, would not eradicate black poverty and dysfunction. We also need intervention to promulgate a middle-class ethic of success among the poor, while expanding opportunities for economic bettermen
Henry Louis Gates Jr., a professor at Harvard, is the author of the forthcoming “In Search of Our Roots.”
Friday, November 30, 2007
The Fall of America
The African proverb says, "Although the king is strong and hearty, he will not live forever."
Yes, Humpty Dumpty is in free fall. As Elijah Muhammad predicted, we see the decline of the dollar. He said the day would come when dollars will be thrown into the street as worthless paper. Is not that day on the horizon? We hear the Chinese are converting their dollars into Euros, even rappers. Rappers actually have that much sense? But the question is not if or when America falls, but what is the post-American plan, especially for North American Africans. Will they finally acquire the sovereignty as a nation of self-determinded people, will they secure a land base with access to the sea and minerally rich land for their centuries of free and nearly free labor, today called wage slavery? Or will they sit by with dicks in their hands and hearts racing as the other ethnic groups secure their division of this stolen property. Surely the Native Americans will want their fair share, the Latinos, the Asians, and poor whites--will the socalled Negro sit around waiting for the Master to return, or will he go about, finally and without hesitation, doing for self, constructing his fallen cities, getting control of the infrastructure, water, electricity, roads, schools, work places, airports.
Long ago he called for Black Power, with the coming fall of America, he will have the opportunity to fulfill his dreams. Oh, it cannot happen? America is too strong. Firstly, you have no real idea how strong America is just as you have no idea how strong you are--you are so full of fear you cannot and never have been able to think straight. Every thought you ever thought has been wrong simply because it was not thinking outside the box because you have been confined to the box and never had a chance to consider the configuration of your society except for your 19th century thinkers and dreamers, and your 20th century thinkers and planners such as Marcus Garvey and Elijah Muhammad.
But where is Egypt, Rome, Greece and the Soviet Union? Does the Chinaman have a chance today--you haven't heard that racist remark recently, for the Chinese have a very good chance to rule the world in the next few years--some predict within ten to fifteen years, so why do you think America shall remain forever and forever in its present condition. It will absolutely change because its ethnic minorities will one day soon become the majority, so why are not your leaders planning for the future and our well-deserved fair share? If America, as did the Soviet Union, fall apart, what do you want? A job? A job, a job! You mean after 400 years of free and nearly free labor, you only desire a job? Are you crazy, are you totally insane or just lazy, like a whore awaiting marching orders from her pimp--not knowing the pimp is dead, he was killed in a shootout with rivals.
Your leaders, why are they running around licking the behinds of the the Democratic and Republican parties rather than establishing an independent political entity that will take us into the future? They shall be charged for their shortsightedness, their myopia of the mind.
As sister Zetha Nobles said recently, our goal should not be to achieve parity with white Americans (which is mediocrity, at best), but with India and China. We should forget about equality with Americans and see the global picture and imagine our role in it. But we are so blinded by white supremacy that all we see is white, white, white. Look around, the world is no longer white. Power will not be white in the not so distant future--can you look ahead a few days and plan accordingly or shall you sit on your behinds awaiting the crumbs from the fall of America?
--Dr. M/marvin x
Black Bird Press has a holiday special: A Fifty Shot! Five books by Marvin X for $50.00 (a $100.00 value at $20.00 each).
In the Crazy House Called America, essays, 2002
Wish I Could Tell You The Truth, essays, 2005
Land of My Daughters, poems, 2005
Beyond Religion, Toward Spirituality, essays, 2007
How To Recover from the Addiction to White Supremacy, A Pan African 12 Step Model for a Mental Health Peer Group, foreword by Dr. Nathan Hare, afterword by Ptah Allah El, 2007
Order from Black Bird Press, POB 1317, Paradise CA 95965. Add $5.00 for priority mailing.
For speaking and reading engagements, Marvin X can be reached at 510-355-6339.
www.marvinxwrites.blogspot.com, mrvnx@yahoo.com. www.youtube.com
The African proverb says, "Although the king is strong and hearty, he will not live forever."
Yes, Humpty Dumpty is in free fall. As Elijah Muhammad predicted, we see the decline of the dollar. He said the day would come when dollars will be thrown into the street as worthless paper. Is not that day on the horizon? We hear the Chinese are converting their dollars into Euros, even rappers. Rappers actually have that much sense? But the question is not if or when America falls, but what is the post-American plan, especially for North American Africans. Will they finally acquire the sovereignty as a nation of self-determinded people, will they secure a land base with access to the sea and minerally rich land for their centuries of free and nearly free labor, today called wage slavery? Or will they sit by with dicks in their hands and hearts racing as the other ethnic groups secure their division of this stolen property. Surely the Native Americans will want their fair share, the Latinos, the Asians, and poor whites--will the socalled Negro sit around waiting for the Master to return, or will he go about, finally and without hesitation, doing for self, constructing his fallen cities, getting control of the infrastructure, water, electricity, roads, schools, work places, airports.
Long ago he called for Black Power, with the coming fall of America, he will have the opportunity to fulfill his dreams. Oh, it cannot happen? America is too strong. Firstly, you have no real idea how strong America is just as you have no idea how strong you are--you are so full of fear you cannot and never have been able to think straight. Every thought you ever thought has been wrong simply because it was not thinking outside the box because you have been confined to the box and never had a chance to consider the configuration of your society except for your 19th century thinkers and dreamers, and your 20th century thinkers and planners such as Marcus Garvey and Elijah Muhammad.
But where is Egypt, Rome, Greece and the Soviet Union? Does the Chinaman have a chance today--you haven't heard that racist remark recently, for the Chinese have a very good chance to rule the world in the next few years--some predict within ten to fifteen years, so why do you think America shall remain forever and forever in its present condition. It will absolutely change because its ethnic minorities will one day soon become the majority, so why are not your leaders planning for the future and our well-deserved fair share? If America, as did the Soviet Union, fall apart, what do you want? A job? A job, a job! You mean after 400 years of free and nearly free labor, you only desire a job? Are you crazy, are you totally insane or just lazy, like a whore awaiting marching orders from her pimp--not knowing the pimp is dead, he was killed in a shootout with rivals.
Your leaders, why are they running around licking the behinds of the the Democratic and Republican parties rather than establishing an independent political entity that will take us into the future? They shall be charged for their shortsightedness, their myopia of the mind.
As sister Zetha Nobles said recently, our goal should not be to achieve parity with white Americans (which is mediocrity, at best), but with India and China. We should forget about equality with Americans and see the global picture and imagine our role in it. But we are so blinded by white supremacy that all we see is white, white, white. Look around, the world is no longer white. Power will not be white in the not so distant future--can you look ahead a few days and plan accordingly or shall you sit on your behinds awaiting the crumbs from the fall of America?
--Dr. M/marvin x
Black Bird Press has a holiday special: A Fifty Shot! Five books by Marvin X for $50.00 (a $100.00 value at $20.00 each).
In the Crazy House Called America, essays, 2002
Wish I Could Tell You The Truth, essays, 2005
Land of My Daughters, poems, 2005
Beyond Religion, Toward Spirituality, essays, 2007
How To Recover from the Addiction to White Supremacy, A Pan African 12 Step Model for a Mental Health Peer Group, foreword by Dr. Nathan Hare, afterword by Ptah Allah El, 2007
Order from Black Bird Press, POB 1317, Paradise CA 95965. Add $5.00 for priority mailing.
For speaking and reading engagements, Marvin X can be reached at 510-355-6339.
www.marvinxwrites.blogspot.com, mrvnx@yahoo.com. www.youtube.com
Thursday, November 29, 2007
The Sub-Prime Negro
As the son of a real estate broker, I cannot help but sympathize with home owners now losing their property as a result of ignorance and unscrupulous brokers and lenders. For most of my young life, I used to see Mom robbing Peter to pay Paul, partly the result of renters who refused to pay rent, and sometimes Mom would overstretch herself in speculating on buying and selling property. In the 70s, the high interest rates knocked nails in her coffin, in the 80s Crack came to seal her doom when renters no longer bothered to pay rent so she was unable to meet the mortgages on her property--in short, after leaving the projects to live in a black bourgeoisie neighborhood, she died broke.
We have a real tragedy on our hands if it is true 50% of the Blacks who've bought homes recently did so through the sub-prime market and many will likely lose their property and perhaps become homeless. And we are not talking about the ghetto blacks but many middle class blacks who somehow outsmarted themselves. I know of people forced to move out of their mini mansions and condos into homes of relatives. Some are hiding their Humvees and SUVs, and of course this is affecting family relationships, even leading to separation and divorce since so many marriages are fragile at best, so any added tension will tip the scale. Imagine the normal insecurity blacks suffer in this white supremacy society, now add the stress of a dead real estate market caused by the tricknology of shady brokers and lenders.
During this holiday season, we pray for those persons and families who shall be victims of partner violence, if not street violence as many will murder and rob to enjoy the white supremacy Xmas. Yes, we hope persons will exercise anger management as tempers flair and alcohol and drugs are consumed fanning the flames of our visit with Santa. Of course, domestic violence shall reach its climax on Superbowl Sunday when many wives and partners will be victims of irate males who go berserk when she stands in front of the tv screen for attention.
So, to you all, buyers be aware and lovers please care. Enjoy the season.
--Dr. M/marvin x
Dr. M will conduct the next session of his Pan African Mental Health Peer Group to Recover from the Addiction to White Supremacy on Saturday, December 15, 4pm at the Black Repertory Group Theatre, 3201 Adeline Street, Berkeley. His books are available in Oakland at De Lauer's News, 14th and Broadway. In Sacramento at Underground Books, 35th and Broadway. In Harlem, NY at the Schomberg Library Gift Shop, in Detroit at Black Stars Books on Livernois, in South Carolina at Hurriyah's on St. Helena Island, Beaufort.
Or order from Black Bird Press, POB 1317, Paradise CA, 95967, $19.95 each:
How to Recover from the Addiction to White Supremacy, A Pan African Model for a Mental Health Peer Group, 2007.
Beyond Religion, Toward Spirituality, essays, 2007.
In the Crazy House Called America, essays, 2002.
Land of My Daughters, poems, 2005.
Wish I Could Tell You The Truth, essays, 2005.
Marvin X can be reached at 510-355-6339.
As the son of a real estate broker, I cannot help but sympathize with home owners now losing their property as a result of ignorance and unscrupulous brokers and lenders. For most of my young life, I used to see Mom robbing Peter to pay Paul, partly the result of renters who refused to pay rent, and sometimes Mom would overstretch herself in speculating on buying and selling property. In the 70s, the high interest rates knocked nails in her coffin, in the 80s Crack came to seal her doom when renters no longer bothered to pay rent so she was unable to meet the mortgages on her property--in short, after leaving the projects to live in a black bourgeoisie neighborhood, she died broke.
We have a real tragedy on our hands if it is true 50% of the Blacks who've bought homes recently did so through the sub-prime market and many will likely lose their property and perhaps become homeless. And we are not talking about the ghetto blacks but many middle class blacks who somehow outsmarted themselves. I know of people forced to move out of their mini mansions and condos into homes of relatives. Some are hiding their Humvees and SUVs, and of course this is affecting family relationships, even leading to separation and divorce since so many marriages are fragile at best, so any added tension will tip the scale. Imagine the normal insecurity blacks suffer in this white supremacy society, now add the stress of a dead real estate market caused by the tricknology of shady brokers and lenders.
During this holiday season, we pray for those persons and families who shall be victims of partner violence, if not street violence as many will murder and rob to enjoy the white supremacy Xmas. Yes, we hope persons will exercise anger management as tempers flair and alcohol and drugs are consumed fanning the flames of our visit with Santa. Of course, domestic violence shall reach its climax on Superbowl Sunday when many wives and partners will be victims of irate males who go berserk when she stands in front of the tv screen for attention.
So, to you all, buyers be aware and lovers please care. Enjoy the season.
--Dr. M/marvin x
Dr. M will conduct the next session of his Pan African Mental Health Peer Group to Recover from the Addiction to White Supremacy on Saturday, December 15, 4pm at the Black Repertory Group Theatre, 3201 Adeline Street, Berkeley. His books are available in Oakland at De Lauer's News, 14th and Broadway. In Sacramento at Underground Books, 35th and Broadway. In Harlem, NY at the Schomberg Library Gift Shop, in Detroit at Black Stars Books on Livernois, in South Carolina at Hurriyah's on St. Helena Island, Beaufort.
Or order from Black Bird Press, POB 1317, Paradise CA, 95967, $19.95 each:
How to Recover from the Addiction to White Supremacy, A Pan African Model for a Mental Health Peer Group, 2007.
Beyond Religion, Toward Spirituality, essays, 2007.
In the Crazy House Called America, essays, 2002.
Land of My Daughters, poems, 2005.
Wish I Could Tell You The Truth, essays, 2005.
Marvin X can be reached at 510-355-6339.
AFRICAN PRESENCE IN MEXICO: A BIBLIOGRAPHY
COMPILED BY RUNOKO RASHIDI*
DEDICATED TO DR. TONI HUMBER & BROTHER ANDRE CRUZ
Althoff, Daniel. "Afro-Mextizo Speech from Costa
Chica, Guerrero: From Cuaji to Cuijla." Language
Problems and Language Planning 18, No. 3 1994: 242-56.
Bennett, Herman L. Africans in Colonial Mexico:
Absolutism, Christianity, and Afro-Creole
Consciousness 1570-1640. Bloomington: Indiana
University Press, 2005.
Caroll, Patrick. Blacks in Colonial Veracruz: Race,
Ethnicity, and Regional Development. Austin:
University of Texas Press, 1991.
Davidson, David M. "Negro Slave Control and
Resistance in Colonial Mexico, 1519-1650." In Maroon
Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas.
Edited by Richard Price. New York: Anchor Press, 1973.
Dzidzieny, Anani and Suzanne Oboler. Neither Enemies
nor Friends: Latinos, Blacks, and Afro-Latinos. New
York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Eaton, Tracey. "Mexico's Other Minority." San
Francisco Examiner, 24 April 1996.
Klein, Hebert. African Slavery in Latin America and
the Caribbean. New York: Oxford University Press,
1986.
Love, Edgar F. "Negro Resistance to Spanish Rule in
Colonial Mexico." Journal of Negro History 52, No. 2
(1967): 89-103.
Nodin Valdes, Dennis. "The Decline of Slavery in
Mexico." Americas 44, No. 2 (1987): 67-194.
Palmer, Colin A. "The African Presence in Mexican
National Identity." Terra: Natural History Museum of
Los Angeles County 34, No. 5 (1997): 2-5.
Palmer, Colin A. Slaves of the White God: Blacks in
Mexico, 1570-1650. Boston: Harvard University Press,
1976.
Price, Richard. Maroon Societies: Rebel Slaves
Communities in the Americas. New York: Anchor Press,
1973.
Restall, Matthew. Seven Myths of the Spanish
Conquest. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Restall, Matthew. "Black Conquistadors: Armed Africans
in Early Spanish America." The Americas 57, No. 2
(2000): 171-205.
Rippy, J. Fred. "A Negro Colonization Project in
Mexico 1895." Journal of Negro History 6, No. 1
(1921).
Rout, Leslie B., Jr. The African Experience in
Spanish America, 1502 to the Present Day. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1976.
Taylor, William B. The African Presence in Mexico
from Yanga to the Present. Chicago: Mexican Fine Arts
Center Museum, 2006.
*Runoko Rashidi is an African historian with a life
long interest in the global African presence. He can
be reached at Runoko@yahoo.com or (210( 337-4405.
COMPILED BY RUNOKO RASHIDI*
DEDICATED TO DR. TONI HUMBER & BROTHER ANDRE CRUZ
Althoff, Daniel. "Afro-Mextizo Speech from Costa
Chica, Guerrero: From Cuaji to Cuijla." Language
Problems and Language Planning 18, No. 3 1994: 242-56.
Bennett, Herman L. Africans in Colonial Mexico:
Absolutism, Christianity, and Afro-Creole
Consciousness 1570-1640. Bloomington: Indiana
University Press, 2005.
Caroll, Patrick. Blacks in Colonial Veracruz: Race,
Ethnicity, and Regional Development. Austin:
University of Texas Press, 1991.
Davidson, David M. "Negro Slave Control and
Resistance in Colonial Mexico, 1519-1650." In Maroon
Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas.
Edited by Richard Price. New York: Anchor Press, 1973.
Dzidzieny, Anani and Suzanne Oboler. Neither Enemies
nor Friends: Latinos, Blacks, and Afro-Latinos. New
York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Eaton, Tracey. "Mexico's Other Minority." San
Francisco Examiner, 24 April 1996.
Klein, Hebert. African Slavery in Latin America and
the Caribbean. New York: Oxford University Press,
1986.
Love, Edgar F. "Negro Resistance to Spanish Rule in
Colonial Mexico." Journal of Negro History 52, No. 2
(1967): 89-103.
Nodin Valdes, Dennis. "The Decline of Slavery in
Mexico." Americas 44, No. 2 (1987): 67-194.
Palmer, Colin A. "The African Presence in Mexican
National Identity." Terra: Natural History Museum of
Los Angeles County 34, No. 5 (1997): 2-5.
Palmer, Colin A. Slaves of the White God: Blacks in
Mexico, 1570-1650. Boston: Harvard University Press,
1976.
Price, Richard. Maroon Societies: Rebel Slaves
Communities in the Americas. New York: Anchor Press,
1973.
Restall, Matthew. Seven Myths of the Spanish
Conquest. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Restall, Matthew. "Black Conquistadors: Armed Africans
in Early Spanish America." The Americas 57, No. 2
(2000): 171-205.
Rippy, J. Fred. "A Negro Colonization Project in
Mexico 1895." Journal of Negro History 6, No. 1
(1921).
Rout, Leslie B., Jr. The African Experience in
Spanish America, 1502 to the Present Day. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1976.
Taylor, William B. The African Presence in Mexico
from Yanga to the Present. Chicago: Mexican Fine Arts
Center Museum, 2006.
*Runoko Rashidi is an African historian with a life
long interest in the global African presence. He can
be reached at Runoko@yahoo.com or (210( 337-4405.
Monday, November 26, 2007
WAKE UP EVERYBODY
By Harold Melvin & Blue Notes
Wake up everybody no more sleepin in bed
No more backward thinkin time for thinkin ahead
The world has changed so very much
From what it used to be so
there is so much hatred war an' poverty
Wake up all the teachers time to teach a new way
Maybe then they'll listen to whatcha have to say
Cause they're the ones who's coming up and the world is in their hands
when you teach the children teach em the very best you can.
Chorus
The world won't get no better if we just let it be
The world won't get no better we gotta change it yeah, just you and me.
Wake up all the doctors make the ol' people well
They're the ones who suffer an' who catch all the hell
But they don't have so very long before the Judgement Day
So won'tcha make them happy before they pass away.
Wake up all the builders time to build a new land
I know we can do it if we all lend a hand
The only thing we have to do is put it in our mind
Surely things will work out they do it every time.
Repeat Chorus.
By Harold Melvin & Blue Notes
Wake up everybody no more sleepin in bed
No more backward thinkin time for thinkin ahead
The world has changed so very much
From what it used to be so
there is so much hatred war an' poverty
Wake up all the teachers time to teach a new way
Maybe then they'll listen to whatcha have to say
Cause they're the ones who's coming up and the world is in their hands
when you teach the children teach em the very best you can.
Chorus
The world won't get no better if we just let it be
The world won't get no better we gotta change it yeah, just you and me.
Wake up all the doctors make the ol' people well
They're the ones who suffer an' who catch all the hell
But they don't have so very long before the Judgement Day
So won'tcha make them happy before they pass away.
Wake up all the builders time to build a new land
I know we can do it if we all lend a hand
The only thing we have to do is put it in our mind
Surely things will work out they do it every time.
Repeat Chorus.
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